ساااااعدووني بليزززز

[مـــ maram ــرام]

تسلمين أختي دانه البحررررررررين

وما قصرتي والله يعطيج ألف ألف عافيه على تعبج

وعساااج على القوووووووة والله لا يحرمنه منج

 

الحين بقىىى لي تقرير انج

[دانــــة البحرين]

حاضرين لج اختي

كل يوم تعالي

 

انا عندي موضوع انج بس ما ادري احسه ما يناسب انج 105هو عن الايدز وثانيا يبي له تنسيق شوي

 

انا بعطيج اياه وانتي تصرفي فيه، او شوفي احد الاعضاء يعرف انجليزي عدل يرتبه لج اذا يبي له ترتيب او شي وان شاء الله تستفيدين منه:-

 

 

 

 

Introduction :-

My project is a bout AIDS , which is very dangerous illness and widespread between the people in the world.

Debate around the origin of AIDS has sparked considerable interest and controversy since the beginning of the epidemic. However, in trying to identify where AIDS originated, there is a danger that people may try and use the debate to attribute blame for the disease to particular groups of individuals or certain lifestyles.

The first cases of AIDS occurred in the USA in 1981, but they provide little information about the source of the disease. There is now clear evidence that the disease AIDS is caused by the virus HIV. So to find the source of AIDS we need to look for the origin of HIV.

The issue of the origin of HIV could go beyond one of purely academic interest, as an understanding of where the virus originated and how it evolved could be crucial in developing a vaccine against HIV and more effective treatments in the ff****. Also, a knowledge of how the AIDS epidemic emerged could be important in both mapping the ff**** course of the epidemic and developing effective education and prevention programme.

Body :-

What type of virus is HIV?

HIV is part of a family or group of viruses called lentiviruses. Lentiviruses other than HIV have been found in a wide range of nonhuman primates. These other lentiviruses are known collectively as simian (monkey) viruses (SIV) where a subb2d***ipt is used to denote their species of origin.

So where did HIV come from? Did HIV come from an SIV?

It is now generally accepted that HIV is a descendant of simian (monkey) immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Certain simian immunodeficiency viruses bear a very close resemblance to HIV-1 and HIV-2, the two types of HIV.

How could HIV have crossed species?

It has been known for a long time that certain viruses can pass from animals to humans, and this process is referred to as zoonosis.

The researchers concluded that HIV could have crossed over from chimpanzees as a result of a human killing a chimp and eating it for food.

Some other rather controversial theories have contended that HIV was transferred iatrogenically i.e. via medical experiments. One particularly well publicised theory is that polio vaccines played a role in the transfer.

The journalist Edward Hooper has suggested that HIV could be traced to the testing of an oral polio vaccine called Chat as batches of the Chat vaccine may have been grown in chimp kidney cells in the Congo, the Wistar Institute and Belgium. That could have resulted in the contamination of the vaccine with chimp SIV, the simian version of HIV-1. This vaccine was then given to about a million people in the Belgian Congo, Ruanda and Urundi in the late 1950s.

Is there any evidence of when the transfer took place?

During the last few years it has become possible not only to determine whether HIV is present in a blood or plasma sample, but also to determine the particular subtype of the virus. Studying the subtype of virus of some of the earliest known instances of HIV infection can help to provide clues about the time of origin and the subsequent evolution of HIV in humans.

Analysis in 1998 of the plasma sample from 1959 was interpreted5 as suggesting that HIV-1 was introduced into humans around the 1940s or the early 1950s, which was earlier than had previously been suggested. Other scientists have suggested that it could have been even longer, perhaps around 100 years or more ago.

What caused the epidemic to spread so suddenly?

There are a number of factors that may have contributed to the sudden spread including international travel, the blood industry, and widespread drug use.

International Travel :-

The role of international travel in the spread of HIV was highlighted by the case of 'Patient Zero'. Patient Zero was a Canadian flight attendant called Gaetan Dugas who travelled extensively worldwide. Analysis of several of the early cases of AIDS showed that the infected individuals were either direct or indirect sexual contacts of the flight attendant. These cases could be traced to several different American cities demonstrating the role of international travel in spreading the virus. It also suggested that the disease was probably the consequence of a single transmissible agent.

The Blood Industry:-

As blood transfusions became a routine part of medical practice, this led to a growth of an industry around meeting this increased demand for blood. In some countries such as the USA paid donors were used, including intravenous drug users. This blood was then sent worldwide. Also, in the late 1960's haemophiliacs began to benefit from the blood clotting properties of a product called Factor VIII. However, to produce the coagulant, blood from thousands of individual donors had to be pooled. Factor VIII was then distributed worldwide making it likely that haemophiliacs could become exposed to new infections.

Drug Use:-

The 1970s saw an increase in the availability of heroin following the Vietnam War and other conflicts in the Middle East, which helped stimulate a growth in intravenous drug use. This increased availability together with the development of disposable plastic syringes and the establishment of 'shooting galleries' where people could buy drugs and rent equipment provided another route through which the virus could be passed on.

 

 

What other theories have there been about the origin of HIV?

Other theories put forward about the origin of HIV include a number of conspiracy theories. Some people have suggested that HIV was manufactured by the CIA whilst others believe that HIV was genetically engineered.

 

Conclusion:-

In the end , I want to tell you that I faced lots of difficulties when I did this project because the HIV is not a widespread illness in my country . And I advice every one to take care of his health and I wish the doctors find medication to this illness.

[نضال بدر]

يعطيج العافية اختي دانـــة البحرين

 

بصراحة ما تقصرين ويا الأعضاء.. إن شاء الله نقدر نردها لج..

[دانــــة البحرين]

الله يعافيك أخوي نضال بدر

 

[مـــ maram ــرام]

تسلمين اختي دانه البحررين وتسلم يدج

والله مااعرف شاقوولج واسفه اني تعبتج

وعسااااج على القووة دوووم وانه ادري انه ماكو احد من االاعضاء راح يقصررررررررر

وعساكم على القوووة يااااااااااااااارب والله لا يحرمنه منكم

[دانــــة البحرين]

الله يسلمج أختي..

 

تعبكم راحة اختي..

 

بس ان شاء الله المواضيع فادتج